Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves

In May 1912, Charles Rothschild held a meeting to discuss his radical idea about preserving natural wildlife habitats. His aim was to organise “persons interested in the preservation of the natural fauna and flora of the United Kingdom.” [The Humble Petition,” 1916, Charters: Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves, HO 45/10824/320701, The National Archives, Kew, UK.]

This meeting led to the formation of the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves (SPNR), which would become the Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts, and signalled the beginning of a UK nature conservation movement that continues today. 

The Times, 18 December 1912 reported on the formation of the Society: "Nature Reserves: formation of a new society. In his recent address to the Zoological Section of the British Association at Dundee, Dr. Chalmers Mitchell made a strong appeal for the organized preservation of the world's fauna.. "It is only by the deliberate - and conscious interference of man," he said, "that the evil wrought by man has been arrested ": and again, "Each generation is the guardian of the existing resources of' he world; it has come into a great inheritance, but only as a trustee" - a trustee, that is to say, for generations that are to be. That the larger wild creatures are steadily disappearing from the face of the earth with the advance of civilization needs little demonstration. But coincidently with the wholesale extermination of mammals there is in progress a no less disastrous process of destruction among the lesser creatures - birds, fishes,reptiles, insects, and plants - also of geological, remains, and in almost every case this is the result of "the deliberate and conscious interference of man." To arrest this destructive tendency serious consideration is being given to the subject in many countries... elsewhere the duty of maintaining particular phases of human life and of preserving natural objects is recognized and performed by the commnunity as a whole, acting through the State; but in the United Kingdom it has been left to private enterprise and private munificence to establish and finance such refuges and nature reserves as we actually possess. Something has been attempted, it is true, to check the wanton destruction of animal life, by various Acts of Parliament, the arrangement of "close" seasons, sanctuaries, &c.  and in the National Trust we have a body equipped with the necessary authority to take over and safeguard such gifts of land as may be made by public enterprise or private liberality. Much has already been accomplished in this direction by certain societies and individuals; but all students and lovers of nature generally are now invited to combine in support of the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves..."

This society, which met by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum at the Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, S.W. was formed with the objects: 1. To collect and collate information as to areas of land in the United Kingdom which retain their primitive conditions and contain rare and local species liable to extinction owing to building, drainage, and disafforestation, or in consequence of the cupidity of collectors. All such information to be treated as strictly confidential. 2. To prepare a scheme showing which areas should be secured. 3. To obtain these areas and hand them over to the National Trust under such conditions as may be necessary. 4. To preserve for posterity as a national possession some part at least of our native land, its fauna, flora, and geological features. 5. To encourage the love of Nature, and to educate public opinion to a better knowledge of the value of Nature study.

The society exacted no subscription; members were formally elected by invitation of the Executive Committee (marked with * below). The control of the society's affairs was in the hands of a representative council consisting (in 1912) of: President, the Right Hon. J. W. Lowther, M.P., Dr. L. Bayley Balfour, F.R.S., Sir E. H. Busk., Francis Darwin, F.R.S., Dr. F. D. Drewitt, *G. Claridge Druce, Professor J. Bretland Fanner, F.B.S., L. Fletcher, F.R.S., the Right Hon. Sir Edward Grey, Bt., K.G., M.P., the Right Hon. L. V. Harcourt, M.P. Sir Robert Hunter, K.C.B., Lord Lucas, *E. G. B; Meade-Waldo, *the Hon. E. S. Montagu, M.P., the Earl of Plymouth, C.B., Professor E. B. Poulton, F.B.S.. Sir David Prain, F.R.S., *the Hon. N. C. Rothschild, W. H. St. Quintin, Dr. R. F. Sebarff, W. M. Webb. Ex Officio: Hon. Treasurer, *C. E. Fragan, I.S.O. Hon. Secretaries, I R. Ogilvie-Grant and. tbe Hon. F. R. Henley.

The 'Rothschild Reserves' Survey

Under Charles' supervision, the SPNR conducted the first ever national survey of wildlife sites in England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. Questionnaires to landowners and local natural history societies seeking information about potential nature reserves were sent out from, (and returned to), the Rothschild bank at New Court in the City. The SPNR also despatched its members to carry out surveys on sites to establish their wildlife value.  The SPNR worked hard to secure Government protection for sites across the UK they considered ‘worthy of preservation’.

The society becomes The Wildlife Trusts

The SPNR became the Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts, and in the 1940s nature conservation made it onto the statute books with the National Parks & Access to the Countryside Act, 1949. There are now 47 Wildlife Trusts covering the whole of the UK, the Isle of Man and Alderney. 

Woodwalton Fen

Woodwalton Fen is a 209 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest west of Ramsey in Cambridgeshire. One of the first nature reserves to be created in England, Woodwalton Fen was bought by Charles Rothschild (1877-1923) in 1910. Charles intended to present the site to the National Trust, but they declined, and it was kept initially as a private nature reserve with a bungalow for the owner to stay in. In 1919, the Society acquired Woodwalton Fen as its first reserve. Woodwalton Fen is now a National Nature Reserve managed by English Nature. Today Woodwalton Fen has one of the few remaining ranges of flora characteristic of the East Anglian Fens. There are rare fen plants such as fen wood-rush and fen violet, and ditches have uncommon aquatic plants including bladderwort and water violet.

Archive sources

For papers relating to the first International Conference on Nature Conservation, 1915 at which 'The Hon N.C. Rothschild' was a delegate representing the interests of  Great Britain, see 000/639/1-2. The papers include correspondence concerning the appointment of Charles Rothschild as the delegate for Great Britain, and the draft text of speech given by Charles at the conference, in which he discusses domestic measures in Britain for nature conservancy and outlines measures towards a common international approach for nature conservancy.

For a brief overview of the background to the creation of the SPNR see Changing conditions and conservation at Ashton Wold, the birthplace of the SPNR, Miriam Rothschild, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (1987) 32, [copy available in the Reading Room]. For a comprehensive account of the development and history of the SPNR, see Wildlife in Trust, Tim Sands, (London: Elliot and Thompson Limited, 2013).

See also Rothschild's Reserves: Time and fragile nature, Miriam Rothschild and Peter Marren (Colchester, Harley Books/Balaban, 1997). This review describes the work of Nathaniel Charles Rothschild to identify potential nature reserves in the United Kingdom. The fate of the sites, since Charles Rothschild first presented his list to the government in 1915, is described, as is the concomitant loss of species. A copy may be found in 000/2740/5.

The Wildlife Trusts have deposited with the Archive the original papers of the survey conducted between 1912-1915 by The Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves (SPNR), and sundry correspondence. - the 'Rothschild Reserves' Archive (see 000/2146 below).